Power performance and self-starting features of H-rotor and helical vertical axis wind turbines with different airfoils in turbulence

Wind tunnel tests were conducted to systematically assess the aerodynamic performance of both H-rotor and helical vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in smooth and turbulent flows. The effects of airfoil section and pitch angle β on the power and self-starting performance were examined for both types of turbines. The helical turbine had a wider operating range of tip speed ratios (TSR λ) and much lower power performance than its H-rotor counterpart. This phenomenon was attributed to the flow deflection of helical blades due to their three-dimensional features, as well as that dynamic stall of a helical blade would not occur simultaneously for all blade elements. The helical turbine did not exhibit notably improved self-starting performance despite of the high manufacturing cost. Moreover, the start-up process was analyzed by using the static torque coefficient CT of both single-bladed and three-bladed turbines. It was found that turbulence intensity exercised a significant impact on CT. Turbulence would cause serious fatigue issues for H-rotor turbines and change the driving mechanism of helical turbines though it enhanced the self-starting performance. Recommendations were finally provided for the design of VAWTs in built environments.