A two-stage optimization technique for automated distribution systems self-healing: Leveraging internet data centers, power-to‑hydrogen units, and energy storage systems

In this article, a two-stage model is proposed for load management in emergency conditions of the distribution system with the presence of distributed energy resources and storage systems. To increase the flexibility of the distribution system, different types of intelligent customers, including internet data centers (IDCs), smart charging stations (SCSs), and power to hydrogen (P2H) systems, have been modeled in addition to normal users. In the first stage, after identifying and isolating the fault, the distribution system tries to recover the separated part of the network by feeder reconfiguration. In the second stage, smart consumers determine and announce their contribution to reduce the load according to the received reward from the distribution system. In this situation, the distribution system reschedules its loads according to their priority. The presented model has been implemented on the modified IEE-69 bus system. The results show the possibility of improving critical load recovery up to 87.61 % in the case of the participation of intelligent customers. Also, the existence of storage systems can reduce the amount of load shedding by 7.86 % in addition to reducing the cost by 3.77 %.