Breaking down the confinement effect on perovskite growth to fabricate efficient, carbon electrode-based mesoscopic perovskite solar cells via low-temperature and all-air procedures

The confinement effect of PVSK growth is broken down by newly released micron-sized carbon-black spheres (CBSs), helping achieve a power conversion efficiency of 16.28% and T80 of ∼690 h during Q-MPPT test for mesoscopic perovskite solar cells.