Spironolactone inhibits endothelial-mesenchymal transition via the adenosine A2A receptor to reduce cardiorenal fibrosis in rats

The mechanisms underlying cardiorenal syndromes are complex and not fully understood; Fibrosis seems to be a primary driver of the diseases' pathophysiology. Spironolactone can reduce cardiac or renal fibrosis by inhibiting endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Spironolactone protection may rely on activation of adenosine receptors, but the role of the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is unclear. We hypothesize that spironolactone may modulate A2AR to suppress EndMT and reduce cardiorenal remodeling.A model of renal injury followed by heart failure was established by subcutaneous administration of isoprenaline (Iso) to rats. Assessment of cardiac and renal function, fibrosis, EndMT markers, adenosine and A2AR expression was performed. TGF-β was used to induce EndMT in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Rats or cells were divided into four groups: those that treated with spironolactone alone or in combination with A2AR antagonist ZM241385 or neither, and compared to normal controls.Isoprenaline-treated rats exhibited cardiac and renal fibrosis, impaired cardiac and renal function, enhanced EndMT, and lower A2AR expression. Spironolactone significantly up-regulated A2AR expression and inhibited EndMT in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, spironolactone improved cardiorenal remodeling and reduced dysfunction. These changes were exacerbated by administration of ZM241385. Together, these findings show that spironolactone up-regulated A2AR to reduce EndMT and ameliorate cardiorenal fibrosis.The anti-fibrotic effects of spironolactone may partly depend on the up-regulation of A2AR, and that A2AR might be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiorenal syndrome.