A novel approach towards evaluation of joint technology performances of battery energy storage system in a fuzzy environment

The joint technological features of battery energy storage systems (BESSs), which are a strategic reserve resource with different operating systems, make it possible for these technologies to be comparable with each other. However, technology needs to be evaluated with stakeholders in the energy system to eliminate some engineering and feasibility concerns, to be included in energy storage policies, and to be utilizable. This aim has involved a high level of complexity and uncertainty, as well as many qualitative and quantitative criteria in both technology and stakeholder assessment. Therefore, in the study, Pythagorean Fuzzy (PF) sets, which offer the decision-maker the advantage of a wide evaluation scale, were used with AHP-TOPSIS combination, which has proven effective in many different applications in the literature. The first use of this methodology for joint technology performance evaluation of BESSs will be a visionary contribution to the literature. In the case study, 5 different BESSs (Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, Vanadium redox flow battery, Sodium nickel chloride, Sodium-sulfur) alternatives have been evaluated with the joint technological criteria of these alternatives. The results show that the most important criteria in battery performance are lifetime calendric, energy rating/discharge time, and life cycle criteria, respectively. Another conclusion of the case study is that while the rapidly developing Lithium-ion battery takes the first place in future projections, it takes second place in Lead-acid batteries, which are mature technology.