Methanol synthesis from CO2: A mechanistic overview

Currently, energy demand is growing swiftly with global economic growth. The combustion of fossil fuels is one of the major environmental threats due to the release of CO 2 into the atmosphere. Reducing greenhouse gases is one of the most critical challenges facing society today. It has been proposed that converting CO 2 into fuels and valuable chemicals such as methanol for reducing greenhouse gas emissions can be a favorable solution. This review describes the recent development of methanol synthesis from CO 2 from a mechanistic point of view. Several proposed reaction pathways for methanol formation over various catalysts will be emphasized, i.e., Cu-based catalyst, precious metal-based catalyst, and other catalysts, including oxide, composite-based catalysts such as metal alloys, and supported metal alloys. Additionally, the intermediate involved, active site, and several aspects affecting the catalytic behavior are also provided. Finally, a remaining challenge and the perspective for compelling the energy future vision is emphasized. • The recent development of heterogeneous catalysts for methanol production from CO 2 is discussed. • Plausible mechanisms for converting CO 2 into methanol products are comprehensively reviewed. • The physicochemical properties of the catalyst and reaction conditions affect the reaction pathway. • Improving catalyst and catalytic technologies are significant aspects for realizing industrial upscale.