Precision design of ferritin nanocages: tumor-targeted delivery, multi-mechanism synergistic therapy and clinical translational challenges

Ferritin nanocarriers exhibit significant advantages for targeted cancer therapy, particularly in blood-brain barrier penetration and precise delivery. Genetic/chemical engineering enhances their efficacy. However, clinical translation faces key challenges: optimizing drug-carrier compatibility, characterizing in vivo pharmacokinetics, and achieving scalable production. Future research priorities include developing smart stimuli-responsive release systems, establishing multimodal therapeutic regimens, and standardizing manufacturing protocols to advance clinical application.