Prospects for lead free perovskite for photovoltaic applications and biological impacts: Challenges and opportunities

In recent years, organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites have been investigated as innovative materials for photovoltaic applications, exhibiting impressive power conversion efficiencies exceeding 22%. Lead-free perovskites have emerged as a promising substitute to traditional lead-based perovskites, offering diverse properties and significant potential for various applications. In this discussion, we will explore the background of lead-free perovskites, different synthesis techniques utilized, their properties, and potential applications, as well as the challenges and opportunities associated with their development. Various synthesis methods, including solution processing, one and two step spin coating process, thermal evaporation, hot injection method, vapor deposition, and sequential evaporation technique etc. have been discussed. Here, we have discussed the diverse applications of lead-free halide perovskites with solar cells, LEDs, photodetectors or photosensors, humidity sensor, lasing and memristor applications Achieving long-term stability and durability is a major hurdle. Stability issues, such as phase instability, toxicity of specific elements moisture sensitivity, and degradation under operational conditions, must be addressed to ensure reliable device performance over time. Also, the detailed challenges and opportunities of lead free perovskites have been discussed. Despite the challenges, lead-free perovskites offer the significant opportunities for biological applications that have been discussed in details.