A nomogram and risk classification system predicting esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection of a large area for early esophageal cancer

Abstract Background and Objectives Esophageal stricture is a troublesome adverse effect of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for early esophageal cancer. However, risk factors of post‐ESD esophageal stricture formation are incomprehensive. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of independent risk factors and provide predictive tools. Methods Patients who underwent ESD for early esophageal cancer between 2014 and 2021 at the Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, were recruited. A nomogram and risk classification system was established based on Cox proportional hazards analyses and validated using the concordance index (C‐index), calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and Kaplan–Meier (K–M) curves. Results Stricture formed in 36 patients, while stricture was not observed in the remaining 112 patients. Operative time (odds ratio [OR]: 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.00–1.01; p < 0.01); lesions >3/4 circumferential range of esophagus (OR: 3.82; 95% CI: 1.90–7.66; p < 0.01), and tumor infiltration to the mucosal lamina propria (m2) or deeper (OR: 2.40; 95% CI: 1.24–4.66; p = 0.01) were independent predictive factors for post‐ESD esophageal stricture. The nomogram and risk classification system was developed and validated with 0.79 C‐index, good calibration curves, good DCA results, and good K–M curves. Conclusions We developed a nomogram and risk stratification system to predict post‐ESD esophageal stricture using three independent risk factors.