Combination chemo-immunotherapy in advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma remains an important therapeutic challenge due to the paucity of established treatment options1 and high prevalence of comorbidities. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has been the main treatment option for systemic spread because it can delay disease progression and prolong life in selected patients.2,3 Other treatments, such as radiotherapy, are also appropriate to palliate symptoms, particularly dysphagia.3