Phenological Changes and Driving Forces of Lake Ice in Central Asia from 2002 to 2020

Lake ice phenology is an indicator of past and present climate, it is sensitive to regional and global climate change. In the past few decades, the climate of Central Asia has changed significantly due to global warming and anthropogenic activities. However, there are few studies on the lake ice phenology in Central Asia. In this study, the lake ice phenology of 53 lakes in Central Asia were extracted using MODIS daily LST products from 2002 to 2020. The results show that MODIS-extracted lake ice phenology is generally consistent with Landsat-extracted and AVHRR-extracted lake ice phenology. Generally, lakes in Central Asia start to freeze from October to December. The trends in the lake ice phenology show strong regional differences. Lakes distributed along the Kunlun Mountains show overall delayed trends in all lake ice phenology variables, while lakes located in southwestern Central Asia show clear advancing trends in the freeze-up start dates (7.06 days) and breakup end dates (6.81 days). Correlations between the phenology of lake ice and local and climatic factors suggest that the ice breakup process and the duration of its complete coverage depend more on heat, while precipitation mainly affects the freezing time of the ice. Wind speed mainly affects the time of completely frozen of ice. In general, the breakup process is more susceptible to climatic factors, while local factors have strong influences on the freeze-up process.