Succulent-like light-driven micromotor for dynamic fluorescence detection and photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline

Tetracycline (TC), a widely used antibiotic, poses environmental persistence and contributes substantially to the formation of drug-resistant bacteria, warranting urgent actions for effective detection and degradation. Recent progress in micro/nanomotor technology has opened a compelling avenue, enabling active maneuverability in aqueous environments while improving interaction efficacy and functionality. In this study, a succulent-like ZnO/metal-organic framework (MOF)/Fe3O4 hybrid micromotor designed for dynamic fluorescence detection and efficient photocatalytic degradation of TC is proposed. By leveraging micro- and nano-fabrication approaches and the seeded growth method, the fabrication of ZnO micromotors with succulent-like structures is realized. Notably, chemical modifications are employed to manipulate the surface potential and precisely control the motion direction of the micromotor. Further incorporation of fluorescent MOF nanoparticles renders the micromotors capable of dynamic TC detection. Furthermore, under ultraviolet irradiation, the micromotors exhibit dynamic TC degradation and can be conveniently recovered and reused by magnetic separation. The rational design of functional micromotors may offer promising platforms for various applications such as dynamic detection and environmental remediation.