气候学
环境科学
气候变化
全球变暖
厄尔尼诺南方涛动
强迫(数学)
降水
气候模式
大气科学
海面温度
耦合模型比对项目
拉尼娜现象
作者
Benjamin Ng,Wenju Cai,Tim Cowan,Daohua Bi
出处
期刊:Journal of Climate
[American Meteorological Society]
日期:2021-03-01
卷期号:34 (6): 2205-2218
被引量:2
标识
DOI:10.1175/jcli-d-20-0232.1
摘要
El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the dominant mode of interannual climate fluctuations with wide- ranging socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Understanding the eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Nino response to a warmer climate is paramount, yet the role of internal climate variability in modulating their response is not clear. Using large ensembles, we find that internal variability generates a spread in the standard deviation and skewness of these two El Nino types that is similar to the spread of 17 models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that realistically simulate ENSO diversity. Based on 40 Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) and 99 Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE) members, unforced variability can explain more than 90% of the historical EP and CP El Nino standard deviation and all of the ENSO skewness spread in the 17 CMIP5 models. Both CESM-LE and the selected CMIP5 models show increased EP and CP El Nino variability in a warmer climate, driven by a stronger mean vertical temperature gradient in the upper ocean and faster surface warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, MPI-GE shows no agreement in EP or CP standard deviation change. This is due to weaker sensitivity to the warming signal, such that when the eastern equatorial Pacific surface warming is faster, the change in upper ocean vertical temperature gradient tends to be weaker. This highlights that individual models produce a different ENSO response in a warmer climate, and that considerable uncertainty within the CMIP5 ensemble may be caused by internal climate variability.
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