Rare-earth element doped NiFe-MOFs as efficient and robust bifunctional electrocatalysts for both alkaline freshwater and seawater splitting

in 1.0 M KOH and 1.0 M KOH + seawater, respectively. Moreover, it also exhibited favorable activity and durability for both alkaline freshwater and seawater splitting. Theoretical calculations unveiled that Ce doping effectively optimized the adsorption energy of H* and reduced the energy barrier from *OH to *O, thus leading to significant promotion of HER and OER performance. This work provided new inspiration for the electron modulation and activity optimization of MOF-based electrocatalysts.