Advancements in Artificial Cell Preparation and Biomedical Applications

Artificial cells represent a transformative innovation in biomedical science, offering engineered, cell-like constructs capable of mimicking certain biological functions. Although remarkable progress has been made to construct complex multifunctional artificial cells, there are still significant differences between artificial cells and natural cells. Thus, a thorough understanding of the techniques and challenges associated with the fabrication of artificial cells, alongside their applications, is essential for driving further technological progress in this field. This review aims to summarize recent advances in the preparation techniques and biomedical applications of artificial cells. In biomedical applications, emphasize their potential to revolutionize cancer therapeutics, gene therapy, immunotherapy, vaccine, reactors for the manufacture of biomolecules and signal communication. Artificial cells are primarily fabricated through bottom-up approaches, including liposomes, metal-organic frameworks, colloidal, hydrogel, and droplet microfluidic which allow for precise control over their composition, structure, and functionality. Finally, the future outlook and challenges for the development of artificial cells simulating the real activities of natural cells are described.