Activated CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells inhibit osteoclastogenesis and collagen-induced arthritis

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have defective CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells and increased osteoclastogenesis. A similar situation has been described in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). In this study, it was investigated whether a single transfer of polyclonally activated T(reg) cells inhibits CIA and osteoclastogenesis.Purified T(reg) cells were expanded in vitro with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibody-coated beads and injected into DBA/1 mice. Mice were immunised with collagen type II (CII) in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) and scores of arthritis were recorded. In vitro osteoclastogenesis assays were performed on splenocytes by stimulation with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)kappaB ligand (RANKL). Levels of anti-CII antibody and cytokines were determined in the supernatant using ELISA and Bio-Plex protein array system.It was found that 10(6) activated T(reg) cells significantly counteracted the development of CIA, which was accompanied by decreased serum levels of TNFalpha and IL6, but not by inhibition of autoimmune antibody responses. The differentiation of osteoclasts in splenocyte cultures was significantly reduced in the presence of prestimulated T(reg) cells. Expression of cytokines that are described to inhibit osteoclastogenesis, including granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)gamma, interleukin (IL)5 and IL10, were dramatically increased upon addition of T(reg) cells. Furthermore, splenocytes from mice that had been treated with T(reg) cells displayed an impaired capacity to develop into mature osteoclasts, suggesting that T(reg) cells abrogated osteoclastogenesis in vivo.Activated CD4(+)CD25(+) T(reg) cells improve clinical symptoms of CIA, regulate cytokine production and inhibit osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo.