A Systematic Review of “Food Is Medicine” Randomized Controlled Trials for Noncommunicable Disease in the United States: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Poor diet quality is a leading risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (ie, diabetes and diseases associated with metabolism and inflammation), which is present in about half of American adults. Support has grown for incorporating the provision of healthy food as a complement to or a component of clinical care. Such “Food Is Medicine” programs provide free or subsidized healthy food directly to patients in close coordination with the health care system. In this review, we systematically examined published randomized controlled trials examining Food Is Medicine programs in the United States, categorizing them into different stages of development using the National Institutes of Health Model for Behavioral Intervention Development. This review identified a total of 14 randomized controlled trials of Food Is Medicine interventions in the United States with noncommunicable disease outcomes, more than one-third of which were early-stage smaller-scale trials (stage 1 randomized controlled trials). Broad variations in populations enrolled; intervention design, duration, and intensity; and outcomes precluded many direct comparisons between studies. Randomized controlled trial data were generally consistent with findings in the observational literature, indicating that common Food Is Medicine approaches often positively influence diet quality and food security, which are theorized to be key mediators for clinical outcomes. However, the impact on clinical outcomes was inconsistent and often failed to reach statistical significance. These observations highlight the need for larger, higher-quality Food Is Medicine studies focusing on the measurement of clinical outcomes within well-designed programs and the need for additional randomized controlled trials that more systematically map out the relationship between participation in different types of Food Is Medicine programs and health outcomes.