Treatment of antibiotic-resistant genes via photocatalytic-assisted Microbial Fuel Cells: A review

Antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) have emerged in water bodies due to the discharge of huge amounts of antibiotics into wastewater. Well-planned and designed configurational layouts of the treatment technologies play an effective role in eliminating contaminants like antibiotics to limit the emergence of ARGs. The overarching motive of the present review is to unveil the effects of utilizing the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technique to degrade antibiotics with simultaneous enhancement of power generation. This article elaborates on the various physio-chemical and biological factors that influence the emergence and removal of ARGs. The mechanism of transmission of ARGs is elaborated. Finally, a new approach of integrated technologies, such as photo-electrocatalysis assisted MFCs, and their role in the degradation of various antibiotics like Metronidazole (MNZ), Ciprofloxacin (CIP), Paracetamol (PAM), etc. are critically discussed. Furthermore, this review proclaims valuable insights for better ARG removal technologies by introducing combined effective treatment strategies used in Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In the future PAMFCs holds promise for improved energy production by employing photocatalyst to drive the electrochemical reactions, paving the way for sustainable and efficient wastewater treatment and renewable energy production.