Transient analysis and safety-oriented process optimization during electrolysis–fuel cell transition of a novel reversible solid oxide cell system

The reversible solid oxide cell (rSOC) is an emerging solution for power-gas conversion in renewable energy networks owing to its high efficiency and bi-directional operation. However, there are still many unidentified safety issues endangering the stability and lifespan of rSOC that need to be addressed before its widespread commercialization. In this paper, a novel one-dimensional rSOC stack model incorporating peripheral auxiliary components is introduced to investigate the transient behavior of the co-flow rSOC stack during electrolysis–fuel cell transition and to develop a safety-oriented optimization strategy for the switching process. This is the first comprehensive study of thermal−material safety hazards for rSOC in the system environment and the first proposal of a dual-model predictive control strategy to avoid nonlinearities in global predictive control during cross-mode switching. It is found that localized extreme temperature gradients, fuel starvation and thermal oscillations are the main safety issues faced by rSOC in switching transients. The conclusion that the current stride and the rate of current change are key factors in guaranteeing the transient safety of rSOC is obtained by evaluating targeted dispatch currents. On this basis, the constraint of current-change rate of 7 A s−1 is incorporated into the controller design, further results indicated that the proposed cooperative control strategy effectively prevents the reactant crisis with smoother thermodynamic responses, which are all within the safety threshold.