Lithium-CO2 batteries and beyond

Li-CO 2 batteries with a theoretical energy density of 1,876 Wh kg −1 are attractive as a promising energy storage strategy and as an effective way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by CO 2 reduction and the formation of discharge product Li 2 CO 3 and carbon. This article provides critical perspectives on the development of Li-CO 2 batteries as well as a description of current issues and challenges associated with cathode catalysts, electrolyte, and anode for Li-CO 2 batteries. Furthermore, the development and deployment of materials to overcome these challenges of Li-CO 2 batteries are discussed briefly. Finally, a systematic analysis of beyond Li-CO 2 batteries (other Metal-CO 2 batteries) as a potential research direction in the development of energy storage and CO 2 fixation and utilization in practical applications is provided.