[Gd3+–Ho3+-Dy3+]:CsPbI2.2Br0.8: Lanthanide impelled stabilization of perovskite material for sustainable energy harvesting, generation, and charge storage

This work presents the first systematic investigation of the novel [Gd3+–Ho3+-Dy3+]:CsPbI2.2Br0.8 (GHD:CPVSK) hetero-structure and explores it for energy applications. The optical constancy of GHD:CPVSK was explored for 28 days and it spanned around 1.63 – 1.68 eV, expressing remarkable stability in band energy. This material was identified with the cubic phase and possessed typical ABX3 type of crystalline geometry. GHD:CPVSK was used as an absorber layer inside regular perovskite solar cell. It improved the overall photovoltaic operation with the 16.56 % efficiency and 75.89 % fill factor reflecting the excellent perovskite film quality. As an electro-catalyst, the pure hydrogen production activity of GHD:CPVSK excelled over oxygen generation with the lower overpotential and Tafel slope value of 142 mV and 117.3 mV dec−1. Also, this electro-catalyst was electrochemically intact in electrolyte environment for 100 min. In terms of the charge storing capacity for battery, GHD:CPVSK embellished electrode has 470.66 mAh g−1 of unit capacity and impressively minimal equivalent series resistance (Rs) of 0.41 Ω. The developed material stabilized by lanthanide doping has expressed excellency for diverse energy associated applications and systems in a cost effective, facile, and sustainable manner.