Exploring the roles of SPARC as a proinflammatory factor and its potential as a novel therapeutic target against cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, and the number of patients with CVD continues to increase despite extensive research and developments in this field. Chronic inflammation is a pivotal pathological component of CVD, and unveiling new proinflammatory factors will help devise novel preventive and therapeutic strategies. The extracellular matrix (ECM) not only provides structural support between cells but also contributes to cellular functions. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a collagen-binding matricellular protein that is particularly induced during development and tissue remodeling. A proinflammatory role for SPARC has been demonstrated in various animal models, such as in the lipopolysaccharide-induced footpad model and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model. Recent clinical studies reported a positive correlation between elevated plasma SPARC levels and hypertension, obesity, and the inflammatory marker high-sensitive C-reactive protein. In addition, SPARC gene deletion attenuates the cardiac injury induced by aging, myocardial infarction, and pressure load, suggesting that SPARC has deleterious effects on CVD. This review summarizes the regulatory and proinflammatory mechanisms of SPARC on CVD, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cerebrovascular disease and discusses the rationale behind measuring SPARC as a biomarker of CVD and the effects of inhibition of SPARC in the prevention and treatment of CVD.