Bone sialoprotein and its transcriptional regulatory mechanism

Background and Objective: Bone sialoprotein is a mineralized tissue‐specific noncollagenous protein that is glycosylated, phosphorylated and sulfated. The temporo‐spatial deposition of bone sialoprotein into the extracellular matrix of bone, and the ability of bone sialoprotein to nucleate hydroxyapatite crystal formation, indicates a potential role for bone sialoprotein in the initial mineralization of bone, dentin and cementum. Bone sialoprotein is also expressed in breast, lung, thyroid and prostate cancers. Material and Methods: We used osteobast‐like cells (rat osteosarcoma cell lines ROS17/2.8 and UMR106, rat stromal bone marrow RBMC‐D8 cells and human osteosarcoma Saos2 cells), and breast and prostate cancer cells to investigate the transcriptional regulation of bone sialoprotein. To determine the molecular basis of the transcriptional regulation of the bone sialoprotein gene, we conducted northern hybridization, transient transfection analyses with chimeric constructs of the bone sialoprotein gene promoter linked to a luciferase reporter gene and gel mobility shift assays. Results: Bone sialoprotein transcription is regulated by hormones, growth factors and cytokines through tyrosine kinase, mitogen‐activated protein kinase and cAMP‐dependent pathways. Microcalcifications are often associated with human mammary lesions, particularly with breast carcinomas. Expression of bone sialoprotein by cancer cells could play a major role in the mineral deposition and in preferred bone homing of breast cancer cells. Conclusion: Bone sialoprotein protects cells from complement‐mediated cellular lysis, activates matrix metalloproteinase 2 and has an angiogenic capacity. Therefore, regulation of the bone sialoprotein gene is potentially important in the differentiation of osteoblasts, bone matrix mineralization and tumor metastasis. This review highlights the function and transcriptional regulation of bone sialoprotein.