Association of thyroid disorders with gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis

The current meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). A comprehensive search from PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases until November 2020 was conducted. Fixed-effect model was used to combine the results when I2 was 50%. A total of 44 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Low FT4 levels were closely related with GDM in the first and second trimesters of gestation. Hypothyroxinemia (OR: 1.45; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.68; P < 0.00001), overt (OR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.73, 1.86; P < 0.00001), and subclinical (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.30; P = 0.03) hypothyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.04; P = 0.01), and positive thyroid antibodies (OR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.07; P < 0.00001) were observed significantly associated with the risk of GDM. Pregnant women with subclinical hyperthyroidism were less likely to develop GDM (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.97; P = 0.04). Thyroid dysfunction and positive thyroid antibodies were associated with the risk of GDM. Our findings suggest that pregnant women with these thyroid diseases may be offered screening for GDM comprehensively.