Evolutionary game analysis of new energy vehicle battery swapping station construction in china under low-carbon policies

China's dual-point policy has been instrumental in promoting the new energy vehicle industry. However, the adoption of battery swapping stations in the battery-as-a-service (BaaS) model poses significant cost and implementation challenges. To address this, the government has extended its support to the BaaS model. This study employs an evolutionary game model involving new energy enterprises and local governments to assess the impact of the dual-point policy and BaaS model subsidy policy, while also considering the government's environmental concerns, including carbon emissions. The key findings are as follows: Firstly, solely implementing the dual-point policy proves insufficient for widespread BaaS model adoption. Secondly, exclusively implementing the subsidy policy for swapping stations may lead to subsidy fraud. Lastly, the combined effect of the dual-point policy and the BaaS model subsidy policy is positive. Lower subsidy rates and credit prices attract vehicle enterprises towards the BaaS model.