Sex and salt stress response – physiological and biochemical aspects of hydroponic culture of dioecious Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh

Abstract This study investigates the sex‐specific physiological and biochemical responses to salt stress in male and female Rumex thyrsiflorus plants under hydroponic culture conditions. In vitro regenerated plants were exposed to different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 43, and 86 mM), and the resulting changes in morphology, photosynthetic performance, and biochemical profiles were analyzed. Salt stress resulted in significant morphological adaptations, including reduced leaf area and closed stomata, particularly in the male plants, indicating adaptive strategies to minimize water loss and ion toxicity. Photosynthetic efficiency, especially the photochemical performance of photosystem II, decreased under elevated NaCl levels, with a marked reduction observed at 86 mM. Biochemical analyses revealed remarkable responses, including increased enzymatic antioxidant activities and the accumulation of free proline, a known compatible osmolyte, as well as branched‐chain amino acids, soluble proteins, and carbohydrates. These shifts in metabolite profiles varied by sex, with male plants showing a greater increase in compounds such as proline, γ‐aminobutyric acid, methionine, and the osmoprotectant sucrose, highlighting sex‐specific patterns of metabolic adaptation. Females showed higher chlorophyll retention and greater resistance to oxidative damage, suggesting a range of different adaptive strategies. The study highlights the importance of identifying sex‐specific stress responses in R. thyrsiflorus , which has implications for breeding programmes aiming to improve crop resilience. These results expand our understanding of plant stress biology and provide valuable insights for further research into how dioecious plants respond to environmental challenges.