Scaling up high-energy-density sulfidic solid-state batteries: A lab-to-pilot perspective

Recent years have seen monumental and exciting developments in the field of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Despite its promises, they still face a multitude of technical hurdles before commercialization can be achieved. Among these challenges, none are more daunting than the ability for scale-up prototyping, specifically, enabling technology transition from the laboratory to the pilot scale. A vast majority of ASSB reports to date are still limited to form factors impractical for actual device operation. Here, we provide a perspective on a wide range of scalability challenges and considerations for ASSBs, including solid electrolyte synthesis, dry electrode and separator processing, cell assembly, and stack pressure considerations at the module level. We layout baseline protocols for ASSB fabrication and evaluation using pouch-cell-type form factors as a baseline. Finally, we discuss ways to bridge the development gap between university-level research and industry-scale production through partnerships with national laboratories.