Sex differences in thoracic aortic disease: A review of the literature and a call to action

There has been increasing recognition of important sex differences in the development, management, and outcomes of cardiovascular diseases. Identifying and understanding why sex differences exist is a crucial first step toward reducing disparities observed in clinical outcomes between women and men. To this end, leading medical journals and scientific bodies, including the National Institutes of Health, have called for a systematic and mandatory approach to reporting sex and gender in all publications, clinical trials, and grant applications.