Exposure to atrazine stimulates progesterone secretion and induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the ovary of pseudopregnant rats

Atrazine (ATR) is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide. As an endocrine disruptor, it causes ovarian dysfunction, but the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that ATR could affect ovarian steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. In the current study, rats aged 28 days were treated with PMSG and HCG to obtain amounts of corpora lutea. Then, rats were injected with ATR (50 mg/kg/day) or saline (0.9%) for 7 days. Sera were collected to detect biochemical indices and progesterone (P4) level, ovaries were collected for antioxidant status, HE, qPCR, and WB analysis. Results showed that ATR exposure affected growth performance as well as serum TP, GLB, and ALB levels, increased serum P4 level and ovarian mRNA and protein levels of StAR, CYP11A1, and HSD3B. ATR treatment increased ovarian mRNA and protein levels of CREB but not PKA expression. ATR treatment increased ovarian mRNA abundances of Nrf-2 and Nqo1, MDA level, and decreased SOD, GST, and T-AOC levels. ATR exposure increased the mRNA abundances of pro-inflammatory cytokines including Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6, Il-18, and Inos. ATR exposure increased the mRNA and protein level of Caspase 3 and the ratio of BAX/BCL-2. In conclusion, NRF-2/NQO1 signaling pathway and CREB might be involved in the regulation of ATR in luteal steroidogenesis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat ovary.