Sinomenine hydrochloride bidirectionally inhibits progression of tumor and autoimmune diseases by regulating AMPK pathway

Chronic diseases such as tumors and autoimmune disorders are closely linked to metabolism and immunity and require conflicting treatment methods. AMPK can regulate cell growth and inflammation through energy metabolism. Sinomenine is a compound extracted from the traditional Chinese herb sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. et Wils. It has been used to treat NSCLC (non-small-cell lung cancer) and RA (rheumatoid arthritis) in some studies, but with limited understanding of its mechanisms. This study aims to examine the inhibitory effect of sinomenine hydrochloride (SH) on NSCLC and RA and to understand the underlying joint mechanisms. The results indicate that SH has a cytotoxic effect specifically on tumor cells, but not on normal cells. SH was found to induce cell apoptosis by activating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Additionally, in autoimmune disease cell models, SH was shown to reduce the growth of RA-FLS cells by inhibiting the phosphorylation of AMPK, while having no effect on normal macrophages. Moreover, in vivo studies also showed that SH could reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and slow the development of adjuvant arthritis in rats. Furthermore, SH was found to significantly suppress tumor growth in a tumor xenograft experiment in mice. This study provides new insights into the treatment of tumors and autoimmune diseases by demonstrating that SH can selectively inhibit the growth of NSCLC cells and the progression of RA through activation of the AMPK pathway.