Recent advances in polymer-based nanoparticles: current strategies and translational challenges in cancer therapy

Polymer-based nanoparticles (PNPs) are emerging as a cornerstone in cancer therapy due to their ability to enhance drug solubility, improve pharmacokinetics and achieve precise tumor targeting. Nanoparticles, encompassing liposomes, dendrimers, and metallic particles, include typical characteristics such as improved surface area, regulated release and the capacity to encapsulate diverse therapeutic compounds augmenting the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of anticancer drugs. Recent studies demonstrate drug loading efficiencies of 80-90%, circulation half-life extensions of 2-5 fold, and tumor accumulation improvements of 3-10 times compared to free drugs. FDA-approved formulations such as Abraxane^® (albumin-bound paclitaxel) and clinical candidates like Genexol-PM^® (polymeric micelles) highlight the translational relevance of PNPs. This review consolidates advancements in polymeric nanocarriers, including nanospheres, nano-capsules and hybrid composites, while addressing limitations in regulatory approval and personalized oncology integration. This study shows that nanoparticle-based cancer therapeutics hold immense potential to improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes in clinical oncology.