Imaging methods of detecting defects in photovoltaic solar cells and modules: a survey

In pursuit of increased efficiency and longer operating times of photovoltaic systems, one may encounter numerous difficulties in the form of defects that occur in both individual solar cells and whole modules.The causes of the occurrence range from structural defects to damage during assembly or, finally, wear and tear of the material due to operation.This article provides an overview of modern imaging methods used to detect various types of defects found in photovoltaic cells and panels.The first part reviews typical defects.The second part of the paper reviews imaging methods with examples of the authors' own test results.The article concludes with recommendations and tables that provide a kind of comprehensive guide to the methods described, depending on the type of defects detected, the range of applicability, etc.The authors also shared their speculations on current trends and the possible path for further development and research in the field of solar cell defect analysis using imaging.