Nickel sulfide and dysprosium-doped nickel sulfide nanoparticles: Dysprosium-induced variation in properties, in vitro chemo-photothermal behavior, and antibacterial activity

Newer materials for utilization in multi-directional therapeutic actions are investigated, considering delicate design principles involving size and shape control, surface modification, and controllable drug loading and release. Multi-faceted properties are imparted to the engineered nanoparticles, like magnetism, near-infrared absorption, photothermal efficiency, and suitable size and shape. This report presents nickel sulfide and dysprosium-doped nickel sulfide nanoparticles with poly-β-cyclodextrin polymer coating. The nanoparticles belong to the orthorhombic crystal systems, as indicated by X-ray diffraction studies. The size and shape of the nanoparticles are investigated using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and a particle-size analyzer. The particles show soft ferromagnetic characteristics with definite and moderate saturation magnetization values. The nickel sulfide nanoparticles' in vitro anticancer and antibacterial activities are investigated in free and 5-fluorouracil/penicillin benzathine-loaded forms. The 5-fluorouracil-encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles is around 87%, whereas it is above 92% in the case of penicillin benzathine. Both drugs are released slowly in a controlled fashion. The dysprosium-doped nickel sulfide nanoparticles show better anticancer activity, and the efficacy is more significant than the free drug. The nanoparticles are irradiated with a low-power 808 nm laser. The dysprosium-doped nickel sulfide nanoparticles attain a higher temperature on irradiation, i.e., above 59 °C. The photothermal conversion efficiency of this material is determined, and the significance of dysprosium doping is discussed. Contrarily, the undoped nickel sulfide nanoparticles show more significant antibacterial activity. This study presents a novel designed nanoparticle system and the exciting variation of properties on dysprosium doping in nickel sulfide nanoparticles.