材料科学
石墨烯
炭黑
纳米技术
碳纤维
碳纳米管
石墨
离子键合
纳米孔
纳米孔
离子
电容
电极
复合材料
复合数
化学
物理化学
天然橡胶
有机化学
作者
Yevedzo Chipangura,Brian D. Spindler,Philippe Bühlmann,Andreas Stein
标识
DOI:10.1002/adma.202309778
摘要
Abstract The ability to miniaturize ion‐selective sensors that enable microsensor arrays and wearable sensor patches for ion detection in environmental or biological samples requires all‐solid‐state sensors with solid contacts for transduction of an ion activity into an electrical signal. Nanostructured carbon materials function as effective solid contacts for this purpose. They can also contribute to improved potential signal stability, reducing the need for frequent sensor calibration. In this Perspective, the structural features of various carbon‐based solid contacts described in the literature and their respective abilities to reduce potential drift during long‐term, continuous measurements are compared. These carbon materials include nanoporous carbons with various architectures, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphene, and graphite‐based solid contacts. The effects of accessibility of ionophores, ionic sites, and other components of an ion‐selective membrane to the internal or external carbon surfaces are discussed, because this impacts double‐layer capacitance and potential drift. The effects of carbon composition on water‐layer formation are also considered, which is another contributor to potential drift during long‐term measurements. Recommendations regarding the selection of solid contacts and considerations for their characterization and testing in solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes are provided.
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