Chiral amino acid-templated tin fluorides tailoring nonlinear optical properties, birefringence, and photoluminescence

-axis. The ability of tin(IV) fluorides to form more hydrogen bonds with ligands increased the probability of π-π interactions between benzene rings, enabling the growth of centimeter-sized crystals in Sn(IV)-compounds. In contrast, Sn(II)-compounds displayed a stronger second-harmonic generation (SHG) response (0.85 × KDP) than Sn(IV)-compounds (0.46 × KDP). This enhanced SHG response in Sn(II)-compounds was attributed to the increased dipole moments resulting from the presence of lone pairs. Additionally, Sn(II)-compounds exhibited photoluminescent properties due to the transition from the metal-to-ligand charge transfer state, facilitated by the presence of the lone pairs.