Akkermansia Muciniphila as novel powerful bacterial player in colorectal cancer biotherapeutics

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a fatal malignant tumor in the gastrointestinal region that is characterized by a weak prediction and the second leading reason for cancer death worldwide. Chemotherapy is common for progressive CRC patients, and 5-fluorouracil is commonly used in CRC therapy that inhibits cancer cell proliferation by suppressing DNA replication, but it can also cause the death of typical cells and hurt to normal tissues. Akkermansia muciniphila is an associate of the Verrucomicrobia phylum that plays a significant function in maintaining the mucosal layer of the human gastrointestinal region and by producing several mucolytic enzymes, it plays a substantial function in the degradation of mucin. Analysis of A. muciniphila bacterial cell proteins consisting of Amuc-1100, a thermostable OMP that reacts directly with the Toll like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 receptors and involved in immune responses that induce the production of interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMCs). Amuc-1100 recovers the role of the metabolic endotoxemia in high-fat diet-induced fat mice and protects the growth of other commensal bacteria by inducing mucus production and promotes the production of immunoregulatory propionate. The importance of association among the therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy through modified gut microbiota in various tumors has been revealed. By the way, when the gastric levels of A. muciniphila were importantly enhanced in patients with CRC that have been related with positive antitumor immune responses in preclinical tumor models and patients with tumor they had a positive response to the immune therapy.