Effects of prenatal bifidobacterium supplementation on the gut microbiome in preterm infants of preeclamptic mothers

Maternal PE impaired early-life gut microbiota establishment in preterm infants, manifesting in reduced microbial diversity, enrichment of pathogenic Proteobacteria and Streptococcus, and consequent functional dysbiosis characterized by elevated endotoxin biosynthesis potential and compromised energy metabolism. Although prenatal supplementation with Bifidobacterium partially restored the microbial compositional balance, promoting beneficial bacteria, reducing LPS synthesis activity, and partially improving glycolytic function, it failed to fully reverse endotoxin-related risks, indicating the need to develop more effective microbiota-targeted strategies to comprehensively optimize metabolic and immune homeostasis.