Dual Modifications of TiO2/1D g-C3N4 Nanocomposites and Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Porous CuO/Carbon for High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

This study uses a sonication method to fabricate a light-harvesting structure on an anatase phase TiO2/1D g-C3N4 nanocomposite electron transport material. In addition, two different metal–organic framework (MOF)-derived porous CuO (CuO-I and CuO-II) are used to modify the carbon electrode. The open atmospheric fabricated TiO2/1D g-C3N4 layer exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.95% than anatase phase TiO2 (5.40%). Furthermore, the PCE of organometallic perovskite solar cells exhibits 10.03 and 8.43% for CuO-I and CuO-II-modified carbon electrodes. Results reveal that CuO/carbon composite exhibits superior characteristics to commercial carbon electrodes due to increased specific surface area, porosity, and device stability. This dual modification device shows excellent device stability under ambient, thermal, and photostability analysis under AM 1.5 solar irradiation.