Development of a high-performance PVA/DOPA bone adhesive incorporated with bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite particles for highly comminuted bone fractures

Bone adhesives, a new promising sort of clinical treatment for bone fractures, despite all the advantages, are concerned with cytotoxicity, mechanical strength, and fixation in the wet body environment. A procedure using Polyvinyl Alcohol and an excellent adhesion agent, Dihydroxyphenylalanine incorporated with hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass particles designed to meet a bone adhesive's requirements. Improved wet adhesion strength, 20.5 MPa tensile strength for highly comminuted bone fractures, 99.97% cell viability alongside resistance against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and controllable biodegradation indicated that the synthesized bone adhesive is of great potential for highly comminuted bone fractures.