Effective GAI is best estimated from reflectance observations as compared to GAI and LAI: Demonstration for wheat and maize crops based on 3D radiative transfer simulations

The definition of LAI (Leaf Area Index) is important when deriving it from reflectance observation for model application and validation. Canopy reflectance and the corresponding quantities of LAI, PAI (Plant Area Index), GAI (Green Area Index) and effective GAI (GAIeff) are first calculated using a 3D radiative transfer model (RTM) applied to 3D wheat and maize architecture models. A range of phenological stages, leaf optical properties, soil reflectance, canopy structure and sun directions is considered. Several retrieval methods are compared, including vegetation indices (VIs) combined with a semi-empirical model, and 1D or 3D RTM combined with a machine learning inversion approach. Results show that GAIeff is best estimated from remote sensing observations. The RTM inversion using a 3D model provides more accurate GAIeff estimates compared with VIs and the 1D PROSAIL model with RMSE = 0.33 for wheat and RMSE= 0.43 for maize. GAIeff offers the advantage to be easily accessible from ground measurements at the decametric resolution. It was therefore concluded that the most efficient retrieval approach would be to use machine learning algorithms trained over paired GAIeff and the corresponding canopy reflectance derived either from realistic 3D canopy models or from experimental measurements.