Indocyanine Green Tissue Angiography Can Reduce Extended Bowel Resections in Acute Mesenteric Ischemia

Surgical exploration and bowel resection are frequently required for treating non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia. Intraoperative evaluation of intestinal perfusion is subjective and challenging. In this feasibility study, ICG fluorescence angiography was performed in order to evaluate intestinal perfusion in patients with acute mesenteric ischemia. This is a retrospective analysis of 52 patients who were operated for acute mesenteric ischemia using ICG fluorescence angiography. Patients with occlusive disease requiring recanalization were excluded. The SPY and PinPoint imaging systems were used for open and laparoscopic surgery, respectively. Intraoperative macroscopic assessment of perfusion was compared with the ICG angiography results. Surgical exploration was performed for ischemia of the colon (n = 12), the small bowel (n = 23), or both (n = 16). One patient had ischemia of the esophagus and stomach. All patients had a preoperative CT angiography to rule out stenosis or occlusion of the mesenteric vessels. In 18 cases (34.6%), ICG fluorescence angiography provided information that was supplemental to macroscopic evaluation, but most patients did not survive the postoperative course. However, in six of those cases (11.5%), ICG angiography led to a major change in operative strategy resulting in a significant clinical benefit for those patients. For two cases, ICG fluorescence produced false negative results. ICG tissue angiography is feasible and technically reliable for evaluating intestinal perfusion in acute mesenteric ischemia and led to a significant clinical benefit in 11% of our patients. A relevant discrepancy between surgical visual assessment and fluorescence angiography was found in 35% of the cases, which may help to define resection margins more accurately and thus support surgical decision-making.