Fast and Universal Solution-Phase Flocculation Strategy for Scalable Synthesis of Various Few-Layered MXene Powders

MXenes have gained great attention in various fields because of their fascinating properties; however, the preparation of few-layered MXene powders is still limited by serious restacking of MXene nanosheets. Herein, for the first time, we have demonstrated an effective ammonium ion route to fundamentally address restacking and aggregation of the MXene nanosheets, using a solution-phase flocculation method (NH⁴⁺ method and modified NH⁴⁺ method) for large-scale preparation of few-layered Ti₃C₂T_x MXene powders in large quantities. The as-prepared few-layered MXene nanosheet powders show large size in the ab plane without the restacking phenomenon even at scanning electron microscopy measurements of 400× magnification, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method. The method is also suitable for large-scale synthesis of other few-layered MXene powders, including Nb₄C₃T_x, V₂CT_x, Nb₂CT_x, etc., providing a general approach for the preparation of various few-layered MXene nanosheet powders, which represents a significant result for the development of MXenes.