Living Magnetotactic Microrobots Based on Bacteria with a Surface-Displayed CRISPR/Cas12a System for Penaeus Viruses Detection

Bacterial microrobots are an emerging living material in the field of diagnostics. However, it is an important challenge to make bacterial microrobots with both controlled motility and specific functions. Herein, magnetically driven diagnostic bacterial microrobots are prepared by standardized and modular synthetic biology methods. To ensure mobility, the Mms6 protein is displayed on the surface of bacteria and is exploited for magnetic biomineralization. This gives the bacterial microrobot the ability to cruise flexibly and rapidly with a magnetization intensity up to about 18.65 emu g-1. To achieve the diagnostic function, the Cas12a protein is displayed on the bacterial surface and is used for aquatic pathogen nucleic acid detection. This allows the bacterial microrobot to achieve sensitive, rapid, and accurate on-site nucleic acid detection, with detection limits of 8 copies μL-1 for decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) and 7 copies μL-1 for white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In particular, the diagnostic results based on the bacterial microrobots remained consistent with the gold standard test results when tested on shrimp tissue. This approach is a flexible and customizable strategy for building bacterial microrobots, providing a reliable and versatile solution for the design of bacterial microrobots.