Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) nonwoven filters are extensively utilized in industrial filtration processes because of their exceptional resistance to solvents and cost-effectiveness. However, the high temperature exhaust gases with strong oxidation can irreversibly corrode PPS nonwovens, and thus reduce their service life. Here, an oxidation-modified PPS (OPPS) nonwoven is reported that assembles excellent oxidation and high temperature resistance to achieve separation and filtration under extreme conditions. This OPPS nonwoven is resistant to oxidizing acid solutions and high temperatures up to 350 °C. In addition, the OPPS nonwoven does not melt when burned in a flame. Practical application tests demonstrated that the PM10–2.5 filtration efficiency of OPPS nonwoven reaches 90.4%, which is 20% higher than that of PPS nonwoven. Impressively, the OPPS nonwoven enables a PM10–2.5 filtration efficiency of 92.5% and 94.6% even after aging by 60% HNO3 solution and 350 °C, respectively. The cost-effectiveness and high performance of OPPS nonwoven present substantial advantages for flame retardant, thermal insulation, and dust filtration applications.