The role of O‐GlcNAcylation mediated by OGT during tooth development

Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying tooth morphogenesis, we examined the developmental roles of important posttranslational modification, O ‐GlcNAcylation, which regulates protein stability and activity by the addition and removal of a single sugar ( O ‐GlcNAc) to the serine or threonine residue of the intracellular proteins. Tissue and developmental stage‐specific immunostaining results against O ‐GlcNAc and O ‐GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in developing tooth germs would suggest that O ‐GlcNAcylation is involved in tooth morphogenesis, particularly in the cap and secretory stage. To evaluate the developmental function of OGT‐mediated O ‐GlcNAcylation, we employed an in vitro tooth germ culture method at E14.5, cap stage before secretory stage, for 1 and 2 days, with or without OSMI‐1, a small molecule OGT inhibitor. To examine the mineralization levels and morphological changes, we performed renal capsule transplantation for one and three weeks after 2 days of in vitro culture at E14.5 with OSMI‐1 treatment. After OGT inhibition, morphological and molecular alterations were examined using histology, immunohistochemistry, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, scanning electron microscopy, and ground sectioning. Overall, inhibition of OGT resulted in altered cellular physiology, including proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial rearrangements, with significant changes in the expression patterns of β‐catenin, fibroblast growth factor 4 (fgf4), and sonic hedgehog (Shh). Moreover, renal capsule transplantation and immunolocalizations of Amelogenin and Nestin results revealed that OGT‐inhibited tooth germs at cap stage exhibited with structural changes in cuspal morphogenesis, amelogenesis, and dentinogenesis of the mineralized tooth. Overall, we suggest that OGT‐mediated O ‐GlcNAcylation regulates cell signaling and physiology in primary enamel knot during tooth development, thus playing an important role in mouse molar morphogenesis.