Recent advances in functional polyurethane elastomers: from structural design to biomedical applications

Polyurethane (PU) is a synthetic polymer with a micro-phase separation structure and tunable mechanical properties. Since the first successful application of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in vivo in 1967, PU has become an important biomedical material for various applications in tissue engineering, artificial organs, wound healing, surgical sutures, medical catheters, and bio-flexible electronics. This review summarizes three strategies for regulating the mechanical properties of medical PU elastomers, including monomer design and selection, modification and arrangement of segments, and incorporation of nanofillers. Furthermore, we discuss the feasible strategies to achieve the biodegradability and self-healing properties of polyurethane to meet specific biomedical needs. Finally, this review highlights the latest advancements in functionalized PU for biomedical applications and offers insights into its future development.