In Situ STING‐Activating Nanovaccination with TIGIT Blockade for Enhanced Immunotherapy of Anti‐PD‐1‐Resistant Tumors

Immunotherapies comprising programmed cell death protein 1/PD ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective cancer treatments. However, the low response rate and immunoresistance resulting from alternative immune checkpoint upregulation and inefficient immune stimulation by T cells are problematic. The present report describes a biomimetic nanoplatform that simultaneously blocks the alternative T-cell immunoglobulin and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif domain (TIGIT) checkpoint and activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in situ for enhanced antitumor immunity. The nanoplatform is engineered by fusing a red blood cell membrane with glutathione-responsive liposome-encapsulated cascade-activating chemoagents (β-lapachone and tirapazamine), and anchoring them with a detachable TIGIT block peptide (named as RTLT). In the tumor environment, the peptide is spatiotemporally released to reverse T-cell exhaustion and restore antitumor immunity. The cascade activation of chemotherapeutic agents causes DNA damage and inhibits the repair of double-stranded DNA, which induces robust in situ STING activation for an efficient immune response. The RTLT inhibits anti-PD-1-resistant tumor growth, and prevents tumor metastasis and recurrence in vivo by inducing antigen-specific immune memory. This biomimetic nanoplatform thus provides a promising strategy for in situ cancer vaccination.