Deep Learning Models for CT Segmentation of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Mucormycosis, Bacterial Pneumonia and Tuberculosis: A Multicentre Study

ABSTRACT Background The differential diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), pulmonary mucormycosis (PM), bacterial pneumonia (BP) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are challenging due to overlapping clinical and imaging features. Manual CT lesion segmentation is time‐consuming, deep‐learning (DL)‐based segmentation models offer a promising solution, yet disease‐specific models for these infections remain underexplored. Objectives We aimed to develop and validate dedicated CT segmentation models for IPA, PM, BP and PTB to enhance diagnostic accuracy. Methods：Retrospective multi‐centre data (115 IPA, 53 PM, 130 BP, 125 PTB) were used for training/internal validation, with 21 IPA, 8PM, 30 BP and 31 PTB cases for external validation. Expert‐annotated lesions served as ground truth. An improved 3D U‐Net architecture was employed for segmentation, with preprocessing steps including normalisations, cropping and data augmentation. Performance was evaluated using Dice coefficients. Results：Internal validation achieved Dice scores of 78.83% (IPA), 93.38% (PM), 80.12% (BP) and 90.47% (PTB). External validation showed slightly reduced but robust performance: 75.09% (IPA), 77.53% (PM), 67.40% (BP) and 80.07% (PTB). The PM model demonstrated exceptional generalisability, scoring 83.41% on IPA data. Cross‐validation revealed mutual applicability, with IPA/PTB models achieving > 75% Dice for each other's lesions. BP segmentation showed lower but clinically acceptable performance ( ＞72%), likely due to complex radiological patterns. Conclusions Disease‐specific DL segmentation models exhibited high accuracy, particularly for PM and PTB. While IPA and BP models require refinement, all demonstrated cross‐disease utility, suggesting immediate clinical value for preliminary lesion annotation. Future efforts should enhance datasets and optimise models for intricate cases.