Chromium toxicity and its remediation by using endophytic bacteria and nanomaterials: A review

Chromium (Cr) is a crucial element for all life forms. Various anthropogenic activities have been responsible for environmental contamination with Cr (VI) in recent years. For this review, articles were collected using electronic databases such as Web of Science, Pubmed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar as per the guidelines of PRISMA-2015, applying the Boolean search methods. Chromium can cause severe health complications in humans and animals and threatens the surrounding environment, with negative impacts on crop yield, development, and quality. Hence, monitoring Cr contamination is essential, and various remediation technologies have emerged in the past 50 years to reduce the amount of Cr in the environment. This review focuses on chromium exposure and the associated environmental health risks. We also reviewed sustainable remediation processes, with emphasis on nanoparticle and endophytic remediation processes.