Investigating Hazards and Safety Risks Inherent in Human-Robot Interactions

Researchers and practitioners believe that incorporating emerging technologies such as robotics and automation (RA) offers new possibilities to combat challenges inherent to construction trades. Regardless of the potential positive impact of RA, human-robot interactions (HRI) could introduce new hazards on the job site or elevate the potential impact of existing hazards. While some studies have assessed the effectiveness of RA technologies, no study has evaluated the hazards associated with HRI in construction. In response to this need, the authors, as part of an ongoing study, conducted a detailed literature review to identify the different levels/categories of RA and hazards they introduce or escalate. Thereafter, a survey questionnaire was distributed to 29 construction experts to verify if the identified hazards are connected to the RA levels. The literature review revealed three technological levels of RA application based on proximity between the worker/controller and the construction robot, seven HRI hazard groups (Human Control, Unauthorized Access or Operational Situation Awareness, Mechanical Concerns, Environmental Sources, Power Systems, and Improper Installation), and 32 hazards associated with the use of RAs in the three categories. The expert panel verified the categories and provided insight on the interactions between the identified hazards and the RA categories. The present study provides useful information needed to enhance pre-planning activities for operations involving the use of RA.